Diabetes mellitus belongs to an endocrine disease group. Pathology develops in the event of a violation of production or action on insulin tissue - the hormone of the pancreatic islet, which contributes to the absorption of glucose. Sugar can accumulate in blood (hyperglycemia) and in urine (glycosuria).
Long violation of glucose disposal leads to the disruption of all types of metabolism. The pathology of the island apparatus is often continued differently in terms of severity by disorders of other organs and systems. Small vessels, retina, kidneys, and nervous system are characteristic.
Usually, diabetes mellitus has deviated a clear and easy -to -diagnetic metabolism. It is more difficult to identify the disease in the early and premature stages when the patient's complaint is minimal or absent. This requires a study aimed at. Early identification of disease is an important condition for effective prevention of treatment and prevention.
If you need to have a comprehensive exam for endocrinopathy or you are looking for a place to cure diabetes mellitus only to a professional doctor. Services of experienced endocrinological and laboratory patients with modern diagnostic equipment for high precision research.
The main symptoms of diabetes mellitus
The disease is characterized by several complaints and objective features detected by laboratory diagnostic tests. The first manifestation of diabetes is quite diverse. A separate sign or group of symptoms that may indicate the disease including:
- Specialized metabolic disorders - weight changes, wear, increased increases, constant hunger;
- General non -specific complaints - loss of strength, fatigue at small loads, drowsiness, muscle weakness;
- Dry skin, itching in the genital area, around the anus;
- Usually recurrent, moist wound healing;
- Painful dry mouth, oral mucosa swelling;
- poor tooth condition, not age;
- Neurite with affected peripheral sensitivity;
- changes in sexual function, reproductive - loss of attractiveness, infertility, large baby birth;
- loss of vision organs;
- Complaints from the cardiovascular system.
Often symptoms do not cause anxiety in the patient, and he does not consider it necessary to consult a doctor. Sometimes any manifestations of the disease are absent, and hyperglycemia is only available with planned examinations.
The most pathological features of the island apparatus are complaints from metabolic:
- Poliuria (fast urine). With hypoinsulinism, urine isolation often occurs in large quantities. The daily volume exceeds 3 liters. The day's cramps occur, without pain.
- Polydipsy (thirst). Increased thirst due to dehydration. The amount of intoxicated fluid exceeds 3 liters. Often, patients prefer sweet drinks to relieve thirst.
- Weight change. Weight loss is due to the loss of fluid, protein, fat, carbohydrates. Excessive weight can precede the disease or contribute to its development.
- Polyphage (an increase in appetite). Priority is given to carbohydrate -rich sweet foods. In the early stages of the disease, hunger is more often shown in the form of painful seizures.
If the pathology signs are found in the hospital for diabetics or diagnostic centers for an intended examination.
Factors that influence the development of diabetes mellitus
In the mechanism of diabetes development, two main things are distinguished, based on diseases divided into types:
- Low insulin production of intra pancreatic cells.
- Violation of hormone ability to act on the body, cell immunity to insulin.
In the case of inadequate insulin products, type 1 diabetes develops. It is based on the progressive destruction of the island -Langera's Islands (intra -Regional pancreatic cells). This is due to the autoimmune process in the body - antibodies to insulin, spray cell structure, and enzymes are produced.
Factors that provoke in the development of autoimmune disorders can serve:
- virus infection;
- violations of nutrition during pregnancy, during meals;
- unprofitable environmental conditions;
- Stress action.
Type 1 diabetes is more often diagnosed in young people. The first manifestation of pathology occurs when the intra -Regional cell death reaches more than 80%. The disease occurs at high risk of complications, all types of metabolism suffer significantly.
Type 2 diabetes occurs with tissue receptor immunity to insulin action. In this case, the hormone is reproduced in normal or slightly reduced quantities. The mechanism of such a violation is associated with a lower early insulin structure (hereditary tendency) or the changes obtained, as a result of the transmission of the signal from the receptor to the internal structure of the cell.
Describing the development of type 2 disease can be:
- improper diet, eating too much;
- SEDENTARI LIFE;
- hypertension;
- alcohol abuse;
- Age -related changes;
- obesity;
- Uncontrolled drugs.
Diagnostic methods of diagnostics
According to statistics, about 2. 5% of population worldwide suffer from diabetes. The number of people with latent courses or exposed to the disease is even more. In time, identified hyperglycemia allows you to prevent serious complications.
The main method for diagnosing disorders is a laboratory test. The most reliable sign of metabolism is an increase in blood sugar in an empty stomach over 6. 1 mmol/l, and 2 hours after meals - over 11. 1 mmol/l. With dubious results, glucosotolerant tests are used.
People under 45 are recommended to check for blood sugar levels at least every 3 years. Each year, inspection exams are required for at risk:
- obesity;
- age after 45 years;
- descent tendency;
- Increased glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides.
Patients from risk groups and with identified diseases require a more careful study by laboratories and instrumental methods. Equipment at a center or clinic in diabetes treatment complies with world diagnostic standards.
Modern clinics offer a variety of diabetes treatment programs aimed at identifying metabolic disorders and early complications. They include:
- Biochemical blood tests (all required indicators - glucose, lipid spectrum, protein, transaminase, potassium, urea, creatinine, uric acid, calcium);
- Clinical blood tests;
- urine analysis;
- Eye Expert Examination;
- the head of the main artery duplex;
- Endocrinological consultation.
In particular is a study of glycated hemoglobin levels in the blood for long-term control over glucose (last 2-3 months) and the quality of therapy. This test is included in specific care standards and should be performed for all diabetes patients every 3 months.
The methodology to determine this indicator requires high quality equipment and data interpretation. In the middle of diabetes treatment, modern laboratory equipment allows you to monitor decisions with high accuracy, without the need for reanalysis. Experienced Patient Services, Diagnostic Capability Profile, Research Technology and Recent Treatment.
Diabetes treatment method
There is no effective way to fully cure. Often, diabetes treatment is reduced to the achievement of stable glucose levels in the blood, prevention of late complications and normalization of lipid blood spectrum and blood pressure levels.
All patients need to adhere to the diet. It is recommended to limit fast carbohydrates, to balance the ratio of protein (20%), fat (20%) and carbohydrates (60%). The calorie content of food must be compatible with physical activity. In light cases, it is possible to achieve compensation for pathology using one diet.
All patients are trained in self -control. The level of capillary blood sugar is determined by the patient himself using mobile glucometer. Long -term monitoring indicators and effectiveness of therapy are controlled by endocrinologists.
Drug treatment includes taking agents -oral sugar and insulin therapy. Indications for replacement therapy with insulin:
- All patients with type 1 diabetes;
- inefficiencies of other types of treatment;
- signs of decomposition of metabolic disorders;
- Ketoacidosis;
- intolerance to agents -oral sugar -powered agents;
- The pancreas far.
Compensation criteria for metabolic disorders:
- Glycated hemoglobin levels are less than 7%.
- Blood glucose on an empty stomach-less than 5. 0-6. 5 mmol/l.
- Blood glucose after 2 hours after eating less than 8-10 mmol/l.
- Blood glucose before bed - less than 7. 5 mmol/l.
- Blood cholesterol - less than 4. 8 mmol/l.
- Triglyceride-less than 1. 7-1. 8 mmol/l.
- Arterial pressure - less than 130/80 mm Hg. pillar.
An important condition for adequate control of the disease is the choice of experienced specialists. If you need to undergo a diabetes check or treatment at the hospital, be careful about choosing a clinic that offers quality and professional services.